Which particle has the highest penetration ability?

Gamma rays possess the highest penetration ability among the particles listed due to their nature as high-energy electromagnetic waves. Unlike alpha and beta particles, which are charged and can interact more strongly with matter, gamma rays are uncharged photons. This lack of charge means they are less likely to interact with the electrons in matter, allowing them to pass through various materials more easily.

Alpha particles, being heavy and positively charged, have very limited penetration capabilities and can be stopped by just a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper. Beta particles, while more penetrating than alpha particles due to their smaller size and charge, can still be effectively stopped by materials like plastic or glass. Neutrons, while capable of penetrating into materials further than alpha particles and sometimes more than beta particles, typically require denser materials like lead or concrete to be effectively shielded.

Thus, gamma rays are distinguished by their ability to traverse significant distances through various substances without being absorbed or deflected, making them the most penetrating of the options provided.