Which of the following describesβ radiation specifically?

Beta radiation specifically consists of electrons, which are subatomic particles with a negative charge. When an unstable nucleus undergoes beta decay, it transforms a neutron into a proton and emits a beta particle, which is a high-energy, high-speed electron. This process results in the release of negative charge (the electron) while increasing the atomic number of the atom by one, thus turning it into a different element.

The characteristics of beta radiation make it significant in various fields, such as medical applications and radiological assessments. Beta particles can penetrate materials more effectively than alpha particles but less than gamma rays, and they can cause ionization in the materials they interact with. This sometimes leads to biological damage, which is why understanding beta radiation is crucial in radiation protection.

In comparison, the other options do not accurately describe beta radiation. Alpha particles are distinct and represent a different type of radiation that consists of two protons and two neutrons, while options of high penetration without harm or being undetectable do not align with the properties of beta particles.